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22/08/2022
A Guide to
Applying Statistical Literacy to Nursing Research for
Evidence-Based Practice
MSN5300
Dr. K. Richards, Professor
Director, Center ƒor Excellence
How to Determine Appropriate Use of:
▪ Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Statistical Tests
▪ Parametric Test vs. Non-Parametric Analog
▪ Statistics to Answer Questions of:
• relationships
• predictions
• differences
How to decide if Parametric or non-Parametric group of statistical tests is
appropriate to analyze the data:
Steps:
1. Identify the level of measurement (on the NOIR Scale) of the dependent (outcome) variable (DV).
2. If DV is measured at Nominal or Ordinal level, ! Non-Parametric group of statistical tests is
appropriate. No further steps necessary.
3. If DV is measured at Interval or Ratio level, think Parametric, BUT ! You must take another
step (4) before deciding the Parametric group is appropriate.
4. You must next determine if ALL assumptions are met:
1. Normality: Are data normally distributed under the bell curve?
2. Homogeneity of Variance: Are data equally dispersed out in the tails of the bell curve ?
3. Outliers: Are there any scores in the data set that are outside the normal distribution of the data?
4. Randomness: Are study subjects chosen using a random sampling strategy?
5. Independence: Does each subject contribute only 1 answer per variable?
If even 1 assumption is violated (not met), then Parametric statistics are not appropriate to use. Non-Parametric tests are the
appropriate group of statistical tests to use.
If ALL assumptions are met AND DV is measured at Interval or Ratio level, Parametric statistics are appropriate to use.
1
Determine Level of Measurement of Dependent (Outcome) Variable
Nominal or Ordinal: Interval or Ratio:
?Parametric?
Non-Parametric Assumptions Assumptions
met not met
Parametric Non-Parametric
How to decide if Parametric or non-Parametric group of
statistical tests is appropriate to analyze the data:
Step 1:
Step 2: Step 3:
Step 4:
Questions:
-Relationship
-Prediction
-Differences
This diagram represents the text
explanation on the previous page
See the next page for continuation
of this diagram starting here
2
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS:
Parametric Statistical Tests, Non-Parametric Analogs of each Parametric test, and
types of research questions (Q’s) answered by each Note:
INFERENTIAL
Parametric Non-Parametric Used for:
1. Correlation:
Pearson (r) Spearman Rho (rs / ρ) (Relationship Q’s)
2. Linear Regression:
Simple (Prediction Q’s)
Multiple
3. Independent t-tests (t) Chi Square (χ2)* (Difference Q’s when 2 groups)
Mann-Whitney (U)**
4. Dependent t-tests (t) Wilcoxon (W) (Difference Q’s for pre- and post- design)
5. ANOVA (F) (Difference Q’s when 3 or more groups)
(Post hoc tests when F test is statistically significant = p<a)
(Not covered)
(Not covered)
Non-Parametric Analogs for
Independent t-test:
use χ2* when DV= counts
(frequency data)
use U** when DV is Ordinal
3
COMPARISON OF DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE
Central Tendency Dispersion
Mean Range
Median Variance
Mode Standard Deviation
INFERENTIAL
Parametric Non-Parametric
Pearson (r) Spearman Rho (rs / ρ)
Linear Regression:
Simple
Multiple
Independent t-tests (t) Chi Square (χ2)
Mann-Whitney (U)
Dependent t-tests (t) Wilcoxon (W)
ANOVA (F)
(Post hoc tests)
(Not covered)
(Not covered)
Mean
Median
Mode
(center)
Range, Variance, SD
(tails)
Range, Variance, SD
(tails)
Perfectly symmetrical bell curve represents
Normality, Homogeneity of Variance, No Outliers (Trifecta)
Trifecta PLUS:
Independence
and Randomness
=
4
Research Methodologies
Qualitative Quantitative
Non-Interventional Interventional
Descriptive design
(used for research
questions that describe)
Correlational design
(used for research
questions that test
relationships)
Exp. design
Characteristics:
1. Randomness
2. Control
3. Manipulation
Quasi-Exp.
design
Missing 1 or more of
Exp. Design
characteristics
1. Phenomenology
2. Grounded
Theory
3. Ethnography
4. Historical
Relationship Qs
Prediction QsDifference Qs
Mixed Methods
design
Research Designs
Research Questions Hope this helps!
5
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