1. Read and annotate “Alabanza”
2. Read “Literary Analysis: Close Reading” lecture notes
3. Select 2 moments from “Alabanza” and using the information from the lecture notes, please analyze these moments using your literary devices. 
4. In a few sentences, please tell us what you believe is the theme of “Alabanza.” 

Alabanza – https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47868/alabanza-in-praise-of-local-100

Literary Analysis and Close Reading

Figurative language vs. Literal 

Literal language – When artists use plain (or fancy) words to convey what they mean in concrete terms. For example: I am upset. I am in love. The dog died.

Figurative language – When artists use figures of speech to be more effective, persuasive, or impactful. For example: I see red. My love is like a red, red rose. The dog walked over rainbow bridge.

• metaphors, similes, allusions go beyond literal meanings to give readers new insight.
• alliterations, imageries, onomatopoeias appeal to the senses of the readers.

In our first reading of the semester, Martin Espada tells a story of 9/11 in his poem “Alabanza.” As a poet, Espada has done his job by crafting this poem, but it is up to the reader (us) to decide what it ultimately means. And, unlike the math textbooks of my younger days, there is no answer on page 527 at the back of the book to let us check to see if we got “the” answer right. 

Before you continue, please enjoy a musical interlude.

https://youtu.be/7ysFgElQtjI

Method

I do not want to give you the impression that interpreting a text is without challenge because part of interpreting a text is convincing your readers to accept your interpretation. And this can be tricky. Think of the case of Lil Nas X’s “Old Town Road.” Some have interpreted this song and have argued that not only does it fall into the Country genre, it should have been considered for the Country Music Charts. Others vehemently disagree. To make their case, each side might analyze not only structural elements such as beat, rhythm, and tempo but also content or lyrics. 

In other words, their analysis and ensuing argument is highly organized. Much like these Lil Nax X fans, when we analyze literature, we are also trying to get at what something might mean, and we do so using some pretty specific methods.

To arrive at a particular meaning, we keep moving back and forth between understanding small points and the ways in which the small points build (even when they contradict) to create an overall point. 

1. Small moments – a small moment may be a line, word, character’s name, an exchange between characters, among other elements that hold additional meaning. For example, what does it mean that in the third stanza, the protagonist (speaker/narrator) insists that some anonymous person can’t tell them “nothing” (Line 13). By considering this assertion that no one can tell the main character anything about who they are at the start of this poem, we are reading this text very closely – or engaging in “close reading.” To fully analyze these small moments, we use literary devices (see below) to help us dig deeper. 
2. Larger meaning – as analysts, we pay attention to these small moments because they help us decide what an overall meaning for the text might be. You should know that even after we have decided what a text might “mean,” it is highly dependent on what we are feeling at that particular time. Think about those times when you have just have your heart broken and then you hear a particular song that you have heard hundreds of times. But on this particular day, as you wipe away your tears, you think to yourself, “yes, this is exactly how I feel.”

Author vs. Narrator vs. Characters vs. Literary Analyst

Author: The author is the creator/writer of the text (poem, short story, play, novel, painting, song, and so on).

Narrator: This is the person or people who are telling the story. As noted above, there are different types of narration – and some of those narrators are untrustworthy. 

Characters: The people who exist in the text.

Literary Analyst: This is the person who analyzes a text and who makes a particular argument. The literary analyst will look at words and/or images and listen to sounds and then make the argument that something is a metaphor .. or a symbol ..or contributes to a theme. 

• “Incorrect”: Poe’s use of metaphor in this particular scene means that the casket is a subconscious burden felt by the protagonist.
• Better: Here, the buried casket represents a subconscious burden that is felt by the protagonist. 

 Literary Devices

Alliteration – when a group of words all have the same first sound.

Allusion – brief, indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea that creates additional meaning. To “riff.”

Anaphora – deliberate repetition of words and phrases from the first part of a sentence.

Antihero – A protagonist who has the opposite attributes of a hero.

Assonance – repetition of internal vowel sounds in nearby words that do not end the same – for example: “asleep under a tree” or “each evening” or “asleep in the deep.”

Catharsis – the release of the emotions of pity and fear by the audience at the end of a tragedy.

Character, characterization – a person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, and characterization is the process by which a writer make that character seem real to the reader.

Conflict – The struggle within the plot between opposing forces. The PROTAGONIST engages in the conflict with the ANTAGONIST, which may take the form of a character, society, nature, or an aspect of the protagonist’s personality. 

Connotation – Associations and implications that go beyond the literal meaning of a word, which derive from how the word has been commonly used and the associations people make of it. I.e.: red = blood/danger; eagle = freedom. These are cultural constructions.

Denotation – The dictionary meaning of a word. 

Didactic poetry – Poetry designed to teach an ethical, moral, or religious lesson. 

Elegy – A mournful, contemplative lyric poem to commemorate someone who is dead, often ending in consolation. 

Epiphany – When a character suddenly experiences a deep realization about him or her or their self.

Foil – A character in a work whose behavior and values contrast with those of another character in order to highlight the distinctive temperament of that character. 

Foreshadowing – The introduction early on in a story of verbal and dramatic hints that suggest what is to come later. 

Form – The overall structure or shape of a work, which frequently follows an established design. 

Genre – “Type” as in type of literature. Some examples are poetry, fiction, drama, and essays.

Hyperbole – exaggeration such as “I am dying of shame.”

Imagery – using figurative language to appeal to a person’s senses.

Irony – words are used in a way that the intended meaning is different. This speaks to the difference between appearance and reality. 

• dramatic irony – characters are unaware of some important information, but the audience is aware.
• situational irony – characters and audience are unaware of implications of the reality of a situation. 

Metaphor – implicit, hidden, or implied comparison with two unrelated things. 

Narrator -The voice of the person (not the author!!) telling the story. 

• First-person narrator: The “I” in the story presents the point of view of only one character. The reader is restricted to the perceptions, thoughts, and feelings of that single character. 
• Omniscient narrator – all-knowing narrator who is not a character in the story and who can move from place to place and pass back and forth through time, slipping into and out of characters as no human being possibly could in real life. 
• Limited omniscient – when a narrator is restricted to the single perspective of either a major or minor character. 
• Neutral omniscient – Narration that allows the character’s actions and thoughts to speak for themselves. 

Onomatopoeia – A word that imitates the natural sound such as “gushing” stream or “whisper.”

Oxymoron – two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect such as “cruel kindness.” This typically happens between just a few words.

Paradox – something that is contradictory but true. Paradox is close to oxymoron but happens on the sentence level. Consider Orwell’s writing: “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.” (Animal Farm)

Personification – thing, idea, or an animal given human attributes. This gives the reader the ability to look at something as a human, which many argue helps us to understand the idea, thing, or animal better. 

Point of view – this refers to who tells us a story and how it is told. 

• Third-person narrator: he, she, they. Narrator does not participate in the action.
• First-person narrator: I

Protagonist – The main character of a narrative; its central character who engages the reader’s interest and empathy. 

Resolution – The conclusion of a plot’s conflict and complications. This is also known as “falling action” following the climax. 

Sarcasm – to speak bitterly.

Simile – A comparison using “like” or “as”.

Subject – big idea of the text.

Symbolism – an object that is itself and something more.  

Theme – main idea – or the thing that is being captured.

• Subject = War; Theme = A writer’s feelings about how war is a curse for humanity.

Tone – the perspective or attitude that the author adopts with regards to a specific character, place or development. Tone can portray a variety of emotions ranging from solemn, grave, and critical to witty, wry and humorous. Tone helps the reader ascertain the writer’s feelings towards a particular topic and this in turn influences the reader’s understanding of the story.