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Assignment: Problem Set: Confounding and Effect Modification
Public Health Epidemiology: Decoding the Science
DUE 1/25/18 9 P.M EST BE ON TIME..
This Assignment will allow you to practice individually and increase your skills assessing confounding and effect modification. Your goal for this Assignment is to compute and interpret the effects of confounding and effect modification.
Instead, copy and paste the problem set into a Word (or equivalent) document and complete all problems, showing your work. . Be sure that your completed problem set includes your responses to all questions and shows the calculations and/or reasoning to justify all answers.
1) A study followed 900,000 US adults from 1992 to 2008. At baseline, all participants were screened and determined to be cancer free and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body mass index is a measure of obesity that is calculated using a person’s height and weight. Subjects were separated into the following groups according to their BMI: (a) normal weight, (b) slightly overweight, (c) moderately overweight and (d) greatly overweight. 57,145 deaths from cancer occurred in the population during the follow-up period. . The following results were seen for men and women when the heaviest members of the cohort (greatly overweight) were compared to those with normal weight:
Men: Risk ratio of cancer death = 1.5, 95% confidence interval = 1.1–2.1
Women: Risk ratio of cancer death = 1.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.4–1.9
2) A cohort study was undertaken to examine the association between high lipid level and coronary heart disease (CHD). Participants were classified as having either a high lipid level (exposed) or a low or normal lipid level (unexposed). Because age is associated with both lipid level and risk of heart disease, age was considered a potential confounder or effect modifier and the age of each subject was recorded. The following data describes the study participants: Overall, there were 11,000 young participants and 9,000 old participants. Of the 4,000 young participants with high lipid levels, 20 of them developed CHD. Of the 6,000 old participants with high lipid levels, 200 of them developed CHD. In the unexposed, 18 young and 65 old participants developed CHD.
3) A study used self-administered mail questionnaires to gather data on height and weight in order to calculate a measure of obesity. Which of the following types of problems were likely avoided by this method of data collection, and why?
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